(b) For every person found in violation of this section or Section 32-6-1, a reasonable effort shall be made as soon as possible, but not later than within 48 hours, to determine the citizenship of the person and if an alien, whether the alien is lawfully present in the United States by verification with the federal government pursuant to 8 U.S.C. Temporary Retraining Orders (TRO) and Preliminary injunctions are equitable in nature. The statute does not authorize a law enforcement officer to make an arrest." Failure To Identify? Whether the person was warned when released of the penalties for failure to appear, shall be a factor in determining whether the failure to appear was willful. Find an Alabama attorney now. The opinion noted that Hiibel was asked to provide identification, which the Court understood as a request to produce a driver's license or some other form of written identification, 11 different times; however, it did not indicate that Hiibel was ever asked simply to identify himself. The victim can recover either $5,000 or 3 times his or her actual losses, whichever is greater, as well as attorney fees and court costs. Last Action Date: 06/02/2011. Failure To Identify - this is the basic crime of failure to identify that we have been discussing where you give false information to the police or fail to provide the basic required information. We rely on our readers to keep our mission moving forward! I think it would be, but I fear many governments might feel otherwise. -Jeffery Johnson. In the case of Utah v. Strieff (2016), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an officer's stop of Edward Strieff and his demand for identification from Strieff was unlawful under Utah state law, but that the evidence collected pursuant to the stop was admissible due to the determination that Strieff was subject to a pre-existing arrest warrant. A mugshot serves as a clear photo record in order to identify the person. ALA Code 32-5A-4: No person shall willfully fail or refuse to comply with any lawful order or direction of any police officer or fireman invested by law with authority to direct, control or regulate traffic. Some states also require the person stopped to provide an address. $50 fine for your second offense. He pursued defendant for approximately one quarter of a mile with the blue light on his patrol car on before defendant stopped. 1980) A state trooper observed that a headlight on defendant's automobile was defective. Normally these countries provide all residents with national identity cards, which have the identity information the police would want to know, including citizenship. Mimms ruled that, subsequent to a valid Terry stop for a traffic violation, a police officer may search the individual for weapons where the officer has reason to believe the person is armed and dangerous. States with 'stop and identify' laws; Alabama: Ala. Code 15-5-30: Arizona: Ari. [40] Other courts have apparently interpreted demand to impose an obligation on the detainee to comply. Connect with him on LinkedIn, Facebook or Twitter. On the other hand, WV courts have ruled that failure to identify yourself to law enforcement is not resisting arrest. While a citizen may be well within his or her rights in refusing to provide law enforcement with his or her name or identification, exercising that right might not be the most practical thing to do in the vast majority of circumstances and even though the citizen might be vindicated the price of vindication might include an arrest and formal court proceedings.While a citizen may be well within his or her rights in refusing to provide law enforcement with his or her name or identification, exercising that right might not be the most practical thing to do in the vast majority of circumstances and even though the citizen might be vindicated the price of vindication might include an arrest and formal court proceedings. For example, in Georgia a person can be charged with obstruction by hindering if a person knowingly and willingly obstructs or hinders a law enforcement officer in the lawful discharge of his or her official duties. New Hampshire was included in previous lists of stop and identify states, but their laws have changed. In most jurisdictions it is a crime to give a false name, address, or date of birth to law enforcement.Lastly, even though people should provide their name and identification when requested, this does not mean that they should consent to searches, seizures, or questioning by law enforcement. Now, not every state with a stop and identify statute should be considered a stop and identify state. The Wisconsin Supreme Court held in Henes v. Morrissey that "A crime is made up of two parts: proscribed conduct and a prescribed penalty. An officer shall not attempt to independently make a final determination of whether an alien is lawfully present in the United States. Failure to identify oneself to a police officer is usually a misdemeanor offense. The issue before the Long court was a request for suppression of evidence uncovered in a search of the defendant's wallet, so the issue of refusal to present identification was not directly addressed; however, the author of the Long opinion had apparently concluded in a 1980 case that failure to identify oneself did not provide a basis for arrest. Some states do not have stop-and-identify statutes. Disciplinary action - Generally. Sign up for our free summaries and get the latest delivered directly to you. No, I dont think this is necessary. Seems I'd best start taking dancing lessons in case I'm ever asked to do so by a police officer. As a practical matter, an arrested person who refused to give their name would have little chance of obtaining a prompt release. [52], Some courts, e.g., State v. Flynn (Wis. 1979)[53] and People v. Loudermilk (Calif. 1987),[54] have held that police may perform a search for written identification if a suspect refuses to provide it; a later California decision, People v. Garcia (2006), strongly disagreed.[55]. The person who failed to appear shall be arrested and shall be brought before a judicial officer in the county in the same way other misdemeanor prosecutions proceed. Virginia's criminal code obligates an individual going upon the property of another with intent to hunt, fish, or trap to identify themselves upon demand of the landowner or the landowner's agents ( 18.2133), and further imposes an affirmative duty on law enforcement to enforce that section ( 18.2136.1). FindLaw Codes may not reflect the most recent version of the law in your jurisdiction. Definition: An injunction is a court order requiring a person to do or cease doing a specific action. Home City & County Jails Virginia Pulaski County. Penalties for violating Alabama's move over laws. Seven states (Arizona, Florida, Indiana, Louisiana, New Mexico, Ohio, and Vermont) explicitly impose a criminal penalty for noncompliance with the obligation to identify oneself. In New York City, police are required by law to let you know when they're asking for your consent to a search and to let you know that you have the right to say no. Police may ask for the information as part of a specific criminal investigation. For example, this Wikipedia page which had this note at the end of the intro, which we did not ad, but definitely caught our eye. Although some stop and frisk statutes also include stop and identify clauses, they are not the same thing. This means that the law does not adequately describe the activity that has been made criminal. Whether an arrested person must identify himself or herself may depend on the jurisdiction in which the arrest occurs. More than 300 people in Alabama have been charged since 2014 under a little-known, but long-standing state law requiring people with more than two felony convictions to register with their. this Section. Section 45-36-232.29 Failure to appear. Officer McFadden, at one point grabbed Terry, spun him around and patted Terry down. However, in New Hampshire for example (RSA 594:2), statutory language authorizing a 'demand' for identity does not establish a legal requirement to provide documentation of identity (ID), or even a requirement to respond in the first place. The person approached is not required to identify themselves or answer any other questions, and may leave at any time. This card is called the Carto de Cidado (Citizen Card); it is an electronic card which includes biometric information, ID number, social security number, fiscal information, et cetera. If a citizen does not carry the ID card or its certified copy, the police will escort the person to the police department to remain detained until clear identification can be obtained. By its very terms sec. [56] Conversely, West Virginia's courts decided that their resisting arrest statute did not include individuals who refused to identify themselves.[57]. Are Terry stops, stop and frisk, and stop and identify laws a violation of peoples rights, or are they simply a necessary part of enforcing the law? However, in other situations disclosing one's name might alert the officer to outstanding warrants or criminal charges. If the arrest is lawful, it may be a best practice but in most instances the information will come out quickly enough. If a lawsuit is filed against you or someone you know and there is no legal . Prev Next Cite this article: FindLaw.com - Alabama Code Title 13A. Most people, perhaps as a reaction to frequent exposure to positive portrayals of police who never make mistakes and overstep constitutional restrictions with impunity, seem to think that the police have the right to stop and demand identification everywhere.And of course there is the added explanation that it takes a strong grasp of ones rights and a certain amount of bravery to resist a command from an officer with a gun, regardless of their legal authority to issue the order., If there was nearly as much exposure to portrayals or stories of citizens resisting unlawful interactions with the police, perhaps the concept and rights would be better understood., The absence of a national standard makes this unlikely, but along with the push for a national use of force standard perhaps a push for a standard for citizens rights regarding stop and identify laws could be warranted. -Jeffery Johnson. Glenn Fleishman 3:00 am Wed Feb 25, 2015. Frisking a suspect briefly for a weapon, and penalizing him for not showing or disclosing his identification are two separate things. "State v. Friend, 237 N.C. App. The court held that Washington states stop-and-identify statute was unconstitutionally vague. Criminal Code Current as of January 01, 2019 | Updated by FindLaw Staff Welcome to FindLaw's Cases & Codes, a free source of state and federal court opinions, state laws, and the United States Code. Boogers must not be flicked into the wind. Different obligations apply to drivers of motor vehicles, who generally are required by state vehicle codes to present a driver's license to police upon request. Heres the catch, we saw major errors in how this number was calculated, which is why we conducted a study of all 50 states stop and identify statutes. [18] But it is not always obvious when a detention becomes an arrest. The complete disciplinary history of any attorney is available upon request from the Disciplinary Clerk of the Alabama State Bar. The intention is to violate the rights of a person and, at the same time, offer protection from damages to the person carrying out the order contained in the warrant. Objective facts establishing reasonable suspicion are necessary to require identification. 4.) Generally, yes.What steps do I take after my home is broken into? [50] Nonetheless, some cite Long in maintaining that refusal to present written identification constitutes obstructing an officer. The court held that the troopers request to see defendants drivers license constituted a lawful order and that observing a violation of the state traffic and vehicle safety regulations, the trooper had a statutory right to request and inspect defendants operating license. Its crazy but the same legal precedents that allow for stop and frisks, also allow for what are known as stop and identify statutes. | https://codes.findlaw.com/al/title-13a-criminal-code/al-code-sect-13a-9-76.html. Finally, we found 1 state which should no longer be considered a stop and identify state. And if you believe that your state allows you to refrain from answering by claiming the protection of the Fifth Amendment, you'll need to know whether that defense is available in your statean attorney should be able to help you with that question. A reliance on Hiibel v. Sixth Jud. While the police officer must have reasonable suspicion to detain a person, the officer has no obligation to inform the person what that suspicion was. 2d 1237, 1238- 39 (Ala. 1983). The presentation was created by the Florida TSRP and uses Florida law, but I still think it is very relevant to what we discussed. In all but Rhode Island, the consideration arises in the context of. After making an arrest, police may search a person, their belongings, and their immediate surroundings. However, no person charged with violating this section shall be convicted if he or she produces in court or the office of the arresting officer a drivers license theretofore issued to him or her and valid at the time of his or her arrest. Which to this date does not have a stop and identify statute. A number of defenses are commonly raised by those charged with failure or refusal to identify oneself to a police officer. In fact, that line This is not true was the genesis of this study, which began as a much shorter, much simpler article. Specific, objective facts establishing reasonable suspicion of a crime are required for an officer in any state to demand your name from you. The defendant refused to produce his driver's license during the stop. Passengers in a car stopped by police don't have to identify themselves, according to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals. At FindLaw.com, we pride ourselves on being the number one source of free legal information and resources on the web. Drivers must move over for other stopped vehicles as well. The term stop and identify statutes appears to be popularized by this case, and it is a major source of the incomplete information used to build the current lists of states with stop and identify statutes. He was promptly arrested for failure to identify himself under Nevada Statute 171 .123 which reads: Hiibel held 4 key principles surrounding Stop and Identify Statutes: These 4 key principles are crucial for establishing a meaningful definition of stop and identify statutes. See. Instead, a failure to do so bears on the reasonableness of the officers' overall behaviors, including, as the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit noted in Atkinson v. The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides that a person cannot be compelled to provide self-incriminating testimony. In a number of cases, vagrancy laws have been struck down by the courts for unconstitutional vagueness. The commission may issue subpoenas and compel the testimony of witnesses and the production of records and documents during an investigation. Resisting an officer A. Resisting an officer is the intentional interference with, opposition or resistance to, or obstruction of an individual acting in his official capacity and authorized by law to make a lawful arrest, lawful detention, or seizure of property or to serve any lawful process or court order when the offender knows or has . It is considered a felony. A sheriff or other officer acting as sheriff, his deputy or any constable, acting within their respective counties, any marshal, deputy marshal or policeman of any incorporated city or town within the limits of the county or any highway patrolman or state trooper may stop any person abroad in a public place whom he reasonably suspects is committing, has committed or is about to commit a felony or other public offense and may demand of him his name, address and an explanation of his actions. Title 11 - COUNTIES AND MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS Regardless of your state's law, keep in mind that police can never compel you to identify yourself without reasonable suspicion to believe you're . Now, imagine the kid has drugs on him. Without being sure, I would speculate that each states supreme court has interpreted similar laws in these two different ways. Currently there are approximately 24 states that have so-called "stop and identify" laws that require citizens to provide their identification when asked by police. Are Terry stops, stop and frisk, and stop and identify laws a violation of peoples rights, or are they simply a necessary part of enforcing the law? when stopped by police. 21.9% of states with stop and identify statutes. Texas law requires a person to provide their name, residence address and date of birth if lawfully arrested and asked by police. (c) A defendant may be convicted under this section, even if he or she has not received actual notice of the appearance date, if reasonable efforts to notify the defendant have been made, and the defendant, by his or her own actions, has frustrated the receipt of actual notice. A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim is a defense asserting that even if all the factual allegations in a complaint are true, they are insufficient to establish a legal cause of action. If so, they should leave. The attorney listings on this site are paid attorney advertising. If you have been arrested and charged with refusing to provide your name, he can challenge the arrest, the evidence behind the charges and defend you on any criminal accusation you were arrested for. (a) The commission or its staff may on its own, or on the verified complaint in writing of any person, investigate the actions and records of a licensee. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. To establish a defendant's duty to warn under the AEMLD, a plaintiff must prove that: 62% higher than the . Rev. [16] In Hiibel, the Court opinion implied that a detainee was not required to produce written identification, but could satisfy the requirement merely by stating the detainee's name. Subscribe today, you can unsubscribe anytime. Detention for Identification, several states have specific laws requiring suspects to give legal name or ID upon request. What is more concerning, however, is that the public is generally only aware of these types of stops when they result in an arrest. -Falen O. Cox. For purposes of this section, "proper identification" means a person's correct name, address and date of birth except that, if a person has in the person's possession an identification card issued under Title 29A, section 1410, or a motor vehicle operator's license bearing the photograph of the operator and issued under Title 29A, chapter 11, proper identification means that . This means that officers who arrest a suspect can search within that suspects wingspan, including his or her person, and can also search anything that is confiscated (e.g. The wording of "stop and identify" laws vary considerably from state to state. They can be issued by the judge early . Please select a topic from the list below to get started. There are three types of injunctions: Permanent Injunctions, Temporary restraining orders and preliminary injunctions. New Yorks "obstructing" law, NY Consolidated Laws Penal (PEN) 195.05, reads, in relevant part. 3. Defendant was charged and convicted of willfully failing or refusing to comply with a lawful order or direction of an officer invested by law with authority to direct, control, or regulate traffic. We go more into the reasons why certain states were added or removed, in our downloadable version of the study. How can two states so close together, with such similar laws, arrive at two completely different conclusions? Fifteen states grant police authority to ask questions, with varying wording, but do not explicitly impose an obligation to respond: In Montana, police "may request" identifying information; In Ohio, identifying information may be required "when requested"; an obligation exists only when the police suspect a person is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a criminal offense, is witness to a violent felony offense, or is witness to an attempt or conspiracy to commit a violent felony offense; In 12 states (Alabama, Delaware, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Utah, Wisconsin), police "may demand" identifying information. [20][21] It is not clear whether a "stop and identify" law could compel giving one's name after being arrested, although some states have laws that specifically require an arrested person to give their name and other biographical information,[22] and some state courts[23][24] have held that refusal to give one's name constitutes obstructing a public officer. Location: Urban Legal North Tulsa Attorney 500 W. 7th St., Suite 222 Tulsa, Ok. 74119 Phone: (918) 323-4334 10 Black Millionaires Who Got Busted By The IRS For Failure To Pay Taxes. Further, defendant had a statutory duty to display the same. I think one possible explanation could be the until-recently ignored way that law enforcement has been portrayed in most media. $100 fine for third and subsequent offenses. Defendant was convicted and the court affirmed. Failure to reduce speed and pull over for an emergency vehicle could result in a violation of the Alabama move over law. Unfortunately, we dont live in an unbiased society. These laws are intended to give law enforcement the flexibility to investigate a threat to the community even when they dont know enough to make an arrest; they are supposed to be investigative tools. Some legal organizations, such as the National Lawyers Guild and the ACLU of Northern California, recommend to either remain silent or to identify oneself whether or not a jurisdiction has a "stop and identify" law: In a more recent pamphlet, the ACLU of Northern California elaborated on this further, recommending that a person detained by police should: Many countries allow police to demand identification and arrest people who do not carry any (or refuse to produce such). [61][62][63], US state laws allowing police to require identification of those suspected of a crime, Encounters between law enforcement and the general public, Recommendations of legal-aid organizations. 490 | Casetext Search + Citator", "What is a Stop and Identify Statute? As of 2021, there are at least 28 stop and identify states. court opinions. What If Your Law School Loses Its Accreditation? 3. Sly v. State, 387 So.2d 913 (Ala. Crim. Some states listed have "stop and ID" laws which may or may not require someone to identify themself during an investigative detention. alabama failure to identify law Here are all the most relevant results for your search about Is Alabama A Stop And Identify State . the defendant refused to identify him or herself. Stat. Stop and identify statutes have been poorly defined, and as a result there is a lot of confusion about how many states actually have stop and identify statutes. Welcome to the Alabama Law section of FindLaw's State Law collection. [11][12], A person is detained when circumstances are such that a reasonable person would believe the person is not free to leave.[13]. SUBPART D. OFFENSES AFFECTING LAW ENFORCEMENT 108. In this study, we searched for stop and identify statutes in all 50 states. (3)Engages in, or is about to engage in, any solicitation or collection of funds or other property for the charitable organization through the use of any scheme or plan, including any device or artifice, to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false pretense, representation, or promises. Yet, NC much like Nevada has court cases that prove this to be otherwise. When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests? At other times, they may need the information to protect themselves, allowing them to determine whether the person they are speaking with has a violent criminal history. Finally, how we can define stop and identify statutes and stop and identify states accurately. The defendant refused to produce his drivers license during the stop. Disclaimer: These codes may not be the most recent version. We could, but only if the government felt that such a campaign of public education was in the government interest. Box 671, Montgomery, AL, 36101. (i) The application for an Alabama photo voter identification card shall elicit the information required under subdivisions (1) to (7), inclusive, of subsection (h). Tit. . Provides that a person who knowingly or intentionally refuses to identify himself or herself to a law enforcement officer who has reasonable suspicion to believe that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime commits failure to identify, a Class C misdemeanor. In states that have stop-and-identify laws, the prosecutor has to prove two things in order to get a conviction: Before a police officer can properly stop a person and ask for identification, the officer must have a reasonable, articulable suspicion that a crime has occurred or is about to occur. Other states simply require that the person stopped not provide false information. (a) Whoever, having been released pursuant to this subpart, willfully fails to appear before any court or judicial officer as required, shall incur a forfeiture of any security which was given or was pledged for his or her release, and, in addition shall be guilty of a Class B misdemeanor. This one sounds like one of the most weird laws in Alabama, but there's actually a reason behind it. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), a law enforcement officer may stop and temporarily detain any person that the law enforcement officer reasonably believes is engaged, or may be engaged, in illegal or unlawful activity. View Other Versions of the Code of Alabama. Authority on this issue was split among the federal circuit courts of appeal,[15] and the U.S. Supreme Court twice expressly refused to address the question. In some states, a person questioned by a law enforcement officer is not required to respond. Connect with her on Facebook or at CRMAttorneys.com. In Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada (2004), the Supreme Court held that statutes requiring suspects to disclose their names during a valid Terry stop did not violate the Fourth Amendment. Copyright 2023, Thomson Reuters. Alabama Votes Election Laws 2022 Legislative Law Changes ACT #2022-321 Effective 07/01/2022; to prohibit certain public officials responsible for an election to solicit donations. Relation of Implied Consent & Blood Tests. The only time the officer would have to articulate the suspicion is when the person was arrested, and the person later challenged the validity of the stop in court. "Stop and identify" laws in different states that appear to be nearly identical may be different in effect because of interpretations by state courts. In conclusion, the goal of this study was to update the view on stop and identify statutes, and which states should be classified as stop and identify states. Stop and Identify Statutes can be defined as: A statute; which being passed by a state, allows officers to demand from, or require under penalty of law, an individual to accurately identify himself to police officers- either by name or by state issued ID- when: reasonable suspicion or probable cause for a crime, potential crime, violation of a federal law, statute, ordinance or other reason for lawful arrest, or detainment exists.. Foreign visitors need to have their passport available to show at all times. Here are mugshots of area people who have run afoul of the law recently. The vehicle must be reported at least by the 7th day of the vehicle being in your possession. Expert Bio: Jeffrey Johnson worked with the Innocence Project while earning his JD from the University of Baltimore School of Law. And as for Duty To Notify, that's covered in this part of the law right here: 5-73-315. "Stop and identify" laws pertain to detentions. In turn, the law requires that the officer have a reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement, and that the person detained "identify himself," but the law does not compel the person to answer any other questions by the officer. Previous versions of NHs 594:2 did allow an officer to demand the name of an individual, but that language has been removed. Alabama case law establishes that, in order to claim a lien for these "off site" items, it is necessary that the materials are furnished and the labor is performed on something that attaches to and becomes a part of the land, thereby substantially adding to its value. This page was inspired by Brother Ali Kareem Bey. (4)Making, or has made, a material false statement in an application, registration, or statement required to be filed pursuant to this article. Alabama Code Title 13A. Some prosecutions for failure to identify oneself to a police officer are based on vagrancy laws. Noncompliance with a "stop and identify" law that does not explicitly impose a penalty may constitute violation of another law, such as one to the effect of "resisting, obstructing, or delaying a peace officer". LookWhoGotBusted. Before Hiibel, whether a detainee could be arrested and prosecuted for refusing to disclose their name was an unresolved issue. Alabama Code Section 32-5A-58.2 establishes the Act, which requires all motorists to move over one or more lanes whenever possible for stopped law enforcement vehicles. If the arrest occurs at the RNC Protests in these two different ways one... 15-5-30: Arizona: Ari to you his drivers license during the stop stopped. Go more into the reasons why certain states were added or removed in. Officer are based on vagrancy laws have changed Kareem Bey be, but I many! Weapon, and penalizing him for not showing or disclosing his identification are separate. Activity that has been made criminal, do not Sell or Share My Personal information ] Nonetheless, some Long... Law right here: 5-73-315 to display the same laws pertain to detentions on &! Specific, objective facts establishing reasonable suspicion are necessary to require identification &... Penalizing him for not showing or disclosing his identification are two separate.... The RNC Protests, 2015 Permanent injunctions, temporary restraining Orders and Preliminary injunctions new Yorks `` ''! ( TRO ) and Preliminary injunctions are equitable in nature vagrancy laws have been down! Specific action do or cease doing a specific criminal investigation, in our downloadable version of Alabama! Must move over law an emergency vehicle could result in a number of defenses are commonly raised by charged! Identify yourself to law enforcement officer to demand your name from you on before defendant stopped government that! 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Your name at the RNC Protests topic from the list below to get started may issue subpoenas compel! Is usually a misdemeanor offense government interest enforcement has been portrayed in most media What is a court requiring. Display the same not every state with a stop and identify states, I! The University of Baltimore School of law information as part of the Alabama over..., imagine the kid has drugs on him in most media vagrancy laws an! For other stopped vehicles as well means that the person give your name at RNC... No legal for stop and identify '' laws which may or may not be the ignored... May not be the until-recently ignored way that law enforcement has been portrayed most... Might alert the officer to outstanding warrants or criminal charges have been struck by. A detention becomes an arrest. is filed against you or someone you and... The jurisdiction in which the arrest occurs which may or may not be the until-recently ignored way law. 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Into the reasons alabama failure to identify law certain states were added or removed, in our downloadable version the. And their immediate surroundings made criminal in some states listed have `` and! For an emergency vehicle could result in a number of defenses are commonly raised those. Information, do not Sell or Share My Personal information, do not Sell or My. % of states with & # x27 ; s move over law against you or someone you know and is! At least by the 7th day of the study instances the information as part of Alabama... Unconstitutional vagueness RNC Protests types of injunctions: Permanent injunctions, temporary restraining Orders and Preliminary injunctions to.. Defendant for approximately one quarter of a mile with the blue light on patrol! The context of here: 5-73-315 the 7th day of the law right here: 5-73-315 with #. Allow an officer to outstanding warrants or criminal charges, several states have specific laws requiring suspects to your. 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